lighttpd is an open-source web server more optimized for speed-critical environments than common products while remaining standards-compliant, secure and flexible. This tutorial shows how you can install Lighttpd on a CentOS 6 server with PHP (PHP-FPM).

First, update CentOS to latest version, login root and type the following command

# yum update -y

Install some packages need for the following steps

# yum install wget make cpp gcc gcc-c++ -y

Make a folder where you will store lighttpd and php sources

# mkdir -p /opt/source

Installing Lighttpd

You need to download the latest lighttpd source from http://www.lighttpd.net/download into the /opt/source. Type the following command

# cd /opt/source
# wget http://download.lighttpd.net/lighttpd/releases-1.4.x/lighttpd-1.4.30.tar.gz

Extract lighttpd-1.4.30.tar.gz package

# tar zxvf lighttpd-1.4.30.tar.gz
# cd lighttpd-1.4.30

To build lighttpd, type the following command

# ./configure --prefix=/webserver/lighttpd --disable-ipv6
# make
# make install

During ./configure, you might get some errors like the following

...
configure: error: pcre-config not found, install the pcre-devel package or build with --without-pcre
...

To solve the problem, type the following command

# yum install pcre pcre-devel

...
configure: error: zlib-headers and/or libs where not found, install them or build with --without-zlib
...

To solve the problem, type the following command

# yum install zlib zlib-devel

...
configure: error: bzip2-headers and/or libs where not found, install them or build with --without-bzip2
...

To solve the problem, type the following command

# yum install bzip2 bzip2-devel

Configuring Lighttpd

Access to folder of lighttpd, where lighttpd installed [/webserver/lighttpd] and make dirs

# cd /webserver/lighttpd
# mkdir -p etc/init.d
# mkdir -p etc/sysconfig
# mkdir -p www/htdocs
# mkdir -p var/run
# mkdir -p var/log
# mkdir -p var/lock/subsys
# mkdir -p var/cache

Add a user called “lighttpd” and chown all dir made for lighttpd user

# useradd -s /sbin/nologin -d /webserver/lighttpd/www/ lighttpd
# chown lighttpd -R etc
# chown lighttpd -R var
# chown lighttpd -R www

Return back forder /opt/source/lighttpd-1.4.30 to copy configuration files

# cd /opt/source/lighttpd-1.4.30
# cp doc/config/modules.conf /webserver/lighttpd/etc/
# cp -r doc/config/conf.d /webserver/lighttpd/etc/
# cp -r doc/config/vhosts.d/ /webserver/lighttpd/etc/

Create default lighttpd configuration file: /webserver/lighttpd/etc/lighttpd.conf (download sample lighttpd.conf file). Type the following command

# wget http://www.lifelinux.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/lighttpd.conf_.txt -O /webserver/lighttpd/etc/lighttpd.conf

If you want to run lighttpd by default when the system boots, create file called lighttpd in /webserver/lighttpd/etc/init.d/

# vi /webserver/lighttpd/etc/init.d/lighttpd

Append following line

#!/bin/sh
#
# lighttpd     Startup script for the lighttpd server
#
# chkconfig: - 85 15
# description: Lightning fast webserver with light system requirements
#
# processname: lighttpd
# config: /webserver/lighttpd/etc/lighttpd.conf
# config: /webserver/lighttpd/etc/sysconfig/lighttpd
# pidfile: /webserver/lighttpd/var/run/lighttpd.pid
#
# Note: pidfile is assumed to be created
# by lighttpd (config: server.pid-file).
# If not, uncomment 'pidof' line.

# Source function library
. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions

if [ -f /webserver/lighttpd/etc/sysconfig/lighttpd ]; then
	. /webserver/lighttpd/etc/sysconfig/lighttpd
fi

if [ -z "$LIGHTTPD_CONF_PATH" ]; then
	LIGHTTPD_CONF_PATH="/webserver/lighttpd/etc/lighttpd.conf"
fi

prog="lighttpd"
lighttpd="/webserver/lighttpd/sbin/lighttpd"
RETVAL=0

start() {
	echo -n $"Starting $prog: "
	daemon $lighttpd -f $LIGHTTPD_CONF_PATH
	RETVAL=$?
	echo
	[ $RETVAL -eq 0 ] && touch /webserver/lighttpd/var/lock/subsys/$prog
	return $RETVAL
}

stop() {
	echo -n $"Stopping $prog: "
	killproc $lighttpd
	RETVAL=$?
	echo
	[ $RETVAL -eq 0 ] && rm -f /webserver/lighttpd/var/lock/subsys/$prog
	return $RETVAL
}

reload() {
	echo -n $"Reloading $prog: "
	killproc $lighttpd -HUP
	RETVAL=$?
	echo
	return $RETVAL
}

case "$1" in
	start)
		start
		;;
	stop)
		stop
		;;
	restart)
		stop
		start
		;;
	condrestart)
		if [ -f /webserver/lighttpd/var/lock/subsys/$prog ]; then
			stop
			start
		fi
		;;
	reload)
		reload
		;;
	status)
		status $lighttpd
		RETVAL=$?
		;;
	*)
		echo $"Usage: $0 {start|stop|restart|condrestart|reload|status}"
		RETVAL=1
esac

exit $RETVAL

Chmod lighttpd with executed permission and create symbolic link in “/etc/init.d”. Type the following command

# chmod +x /webserver/lighttpd/etc/init.d/lighttpd
# ln -s /webserver/lighttpd/etc/init.d/lighttpd /etc/init.d/lighttpd

Create file called “lighttpd” in /webserver/lighttpd/etc/sysconfig

# vi /webserver/lighttpd/etc/sysconfig/lighttpd

Append following line

LIGHTTPD_CONF_PATH=/webserver/lighttpd/etc/lighttpd.conf

To start lighttpd for the first time, type the following command

# /etc/init.d/lighttpd start

Install PHP (PHP-FPM)

Download latest version of PHP at http://download.php.net

# cd /opt/source
# wget http://www.php.net/get/php-5.3.10.tar.gz/from/ca.php.net/mirror

To Extract its, enter

# tar zxvf php-5.3.10.tar.gz
# cd php-5.3.10

To build PHP, I’ll create bash file called build.sh

# vi build.sh

Append following line

#!/bin/sh
"./configure" \
"--prefix=/webserver/php" \
"--enable-fpm" \
"--with-libdir=lib64" \
"--with-bz2" \
"--with-config-file-path=/webserver/php/etc" \
"--with-config-file-scan-dir=/webserver/php/etc/php.d" \
"--with-curl=/usr/local/lib" \
"--with-gd" \
"--with-gettext" \
"--with-jpeg-dir=/usr/local/lib" \
"--with-freetype-dir=/usr/local/lib" \
"--with-kerberos" \
"--with-mcrypt" \
"--with-mhash" \
"--with-mysql" \
"--with-mysqli" \
"--with-pcre-regex=/usr" \
"--with-pdo-mysql=shared" \
"--with-pdo-sqlite=shared" \
"--with-pear=/usr/local/lib/php" \
"--with-png-dir=/usr/local/lib" \
"--with-pspell" \
"--with-sqlite=shared" \
"--with-tidy" \
"--with-xmlrpc" \
"--with-xsl" \
"--with-zlib" \
"--with-zlib-dir=/usr/local/lib" \
"--with-openssl" \
"--with-iconv" \
"--enable-bcmath" \
"--enable-calendar" \
"--enable-exif" \
"--enable-ftp" \
"--enable-gd-native-ttf" \
"--enable-libxml" \
"--enable-magic-quotes" \
"--enable-soap" \
"--enable-sockets" \
"--enable-mbstring" \
"--enable-zip" \
"--enable-wddx"

Type the following command to install PHP

# sh build.sh
# make
# make install

If you have problems building PHP then read the article. Next step, copy php.ini to /webserver/php/etc/, enter

# cp php.ini-production /webserver/php/etc/php.ini

Rename php-fpm.conf, enter

# cd /webserver/php/etc
# cp php-fpm.conf.default php-fpm.conf

Open php-fpm.conf, type

# vi php-fpm.conf

Append following line

[global]
pid = run/php-fpm.pid
error_log = log/php-fpm.log
[www]
listen = 127.0.0.1:9000
listen.allowed_clients = 127.0.0.1
user = nobody
group = nobody
pm = dynamic
pm.max_children = 5
pm.start_servers = 2
pm.min_spare_servers = 1
pm.max_spare_servers = 3
pm.max_requests = 500

If you want to run PHP-FPM by default when the system boots, create file called php-fpm in /etc/init.d/

# vi /etc/init.d/php-fpm

Append following line

#! /bin/sh

### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:          php-fpm
# Required-Start:    $all
# Required-Stop:     $all
# Default-Start:     2 3 4 5
# Default-Stop:      0 1 6
# Short-Description: starts php-fpm
# Description:       starts the PHP FastCGI Process Manager daemon
### END INIT INFO

php_fpm_BIN=/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm
php_fpm_CONF=/webserver/php/etc/php-fpm.conf
php_fpm_PID=/webserver/php/var/run/php-fpm.pid

php_opts="--fpm-config $php_fpm_CONF"

wait_for_pid () {
	try=0

	while test $try -lt 35 ; do

		case "$1" in
			'created')
			if [ -f "$2" ] ; then
				try=''
				break
			fi
			;;

			'removed')
			if [ ! -f "$2" ] ; then
				try=''
				break
			fi
			;;
		esac

		echo -n .
		try=`expr $try + 1`
		sleep 1

	done

}

case "$1" in
	start)
		echo -n "Starting php-fpm "

		$php_fpm_BIN $php_opts

		if [ "$?" != 0 ] ; then
			echo " failed"
			exit 1
		fi

		wait_for_pid created $php_fpm_PID

		if [ -n "$try" ] ; then
			echo " failed"
			exit 1
		else
			echo " done"
		fi
	;;

	stop)
		echo -n "Gracefully shutting down php-fpm "

		if [ ! -r $php_fpm_PID ] ; then
			echo "warning, no pid file found - php-fpm is not running ?"
			exit 1
		fi

		kill -QUIT `cat $php_fpm_PID`

		wait_for_pid removed $php_fpm_PID

		if [ -n "$try" ] ; then
			echo " failed. Use force-exit"
			exit 1
		else
			echo " done"
		fi
	;;

	force-quit)
		echo -n "Terminating php-fpm "

		if [ ! -r $php_fpm_PID ] ; then
			echo "warning, no pid file found - php-fpm is not running ?"
			exit 1
		fi

		kill -TERM `cat $php_fpm_PID`

		wait_for_pid removed $php_fpm_PID

		if [ -n "$try" ] ; then
			echo " failed"
			exit 1
		else
			echo " done"
		fi
	;;

	restart)
		$0 stop
		$0 start
	;;

	reload)

		echo -n "Reload service php-fpm "

		if [ ! -r $php_fpm_PID ] ; then
			echo "warning, no pid file found - php-fpm is not running ?"
			exit 1
		fi

		kill -USR2 `cat $php_fpm_PID`

		echo " done"
	;;

	*)
		echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|force-quit|restart|reload}"
		exit 1
	;;

esac

Chmod php-fpm with executed permission, enter

# chmod +x /etc/init.d/php-fpm

To start PHP-FPM for the first time, type the following command

# /etc/init.d/php-fpm start

Configure PHP-FPM and Lighttpd working together

Uncomment the following line in /webserver/lighttpd/etc/modules.conf

##
## FastCGI (mod_fastcgi)
##
include "conf.d/fastcgi.conf"

Open /webserver/lighttpd/etc/conf.d/fastcgi.conf, and append following line

server.modules += ( "mod_fastcgi" )
fastcgi.server = ( ".php" =>
  ( "php-tcp" =>
    (
      "host" => "127.0.0.1",
      "port" => "9000"
    )
  )
)

Save and close the file. Type the following command to restart Lighttpd

# /etc/init.d/lighttpd restart

This completes the installation steps. To test php you can create a info.php file in the document root folder

# vi /webserver/lighttpd/www/htdocs/info.php

Append following line

<?php
phpinfo();
?>

If you see the above, you have completed a successful installation of lighttpd and php.

The post How To Install Lighttpd And PHP (PHP-FPM) On CentOS 6 appeared first on lifeLinux: Linux Tips, Hacks, Tutorials, Ebooks.

In the last article, I showed you how to install Nginx and PHP (PHP-FPM) on CentOS 6 from source. Today, I’m going to show you how to install Nginx with PHP-FPM via yum.

Before starting to install Nginx and PHP-FPM, you must uninstall all previous Apache and PHP related RPMs installed on your system. Login as root and type the following command

# yum remove httpd* php*

Enabling Additional Repositories

By default, php-fpm is not available from the official CentOS repositories, but from the Remi RPM repository which itself depends on the EPEL repository; we can enable both repositories as follows:

# yum install yum-priorities -y
# rpm -Uvh http://rpms.famillecollet.com/enterprise/remi-release-6.rpm
# rpm -Uvh http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/epel/6/i386/epel-release-6-8.noarch.rpm

Sample outputs

Retrieving http://download.fedora.redhat.com/pub/epel/6/x86_64/epel-release-6-5.noarch.rpm
warning: /var/tmp/rpm-tmp.00kiDx: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID 0608b895: NOKEY
Preparing...                ########################################### [100%]
   1:epel-release           ########################################### [100%]

Installing Nginx

Type the following command

# yum install nginx

Sample outputs

Dependencies Resolved

================================================================================
 Package                  Arch      Version                    Repository  Size
================================================================================
Installing:
 nginx                    x86_64    0.8.54-1.el6               epel       358 k
Installing for dependencies:
 GeoIP                    x86_64    1.4.8-1.el6                epel       620 k
 fontconfig               x86_64    2.8.0-3.el6                base       186 k
 freetype                 x86_64    2.3.11-6.el6_1.8           updates    358 k
 gd                       x86_64    2.0.35-10.el6              base       142 k
 libX11                   x86_64    1.3-2.el6                  base       582 k
 libX11-common            noarch    1.3-2.el6                  base       188 k
 libXau                   x86_64    1.0.5-1.el6                base        22 k
 libXpm                   x86_64    3.5.8-2.el6                base        59 k
 libjpeg                  x86_64    6b-46.el6                  base       134 k
 libpng                   x86_64    2:1.2.46-1.el6_1           base       180 k
 libxcb                   x86_64    1.5-1.el6                  base       100 k
 libxslt                  x86_64    1.1.26-2.el6               base       450 k
 perl                     x86_64    4:5.10.1-119.el6_1.1       base        10 M
 perl-Module-Pluggable    x86_64    1:3.90-119.el6_1.1         base        37 k
 perl-Pod-Escapes         x86_64    1:1.04-119.el6_1.1         base        30 k
 perl-Pod-Simple          x86_64    1:3.13-119.el6_1.1         base       209 k
 perl-libs                x86_64    4:5.10.1-119.el6_1.1       base       575 k
 perl-version             x86_64    3:0.77-119.el6_1.1         base        49 k

Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install      19 Package(s)
Upgrade       0 Package(s)

Total download size: 14 M
Installed size: 47 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y

If you want to run nginx by default when the system boots, type the following command

# chkconfig --level 345 nginx on

To start Nginx for the first time, type the following command

# /etc/init.d/nginx start

Sample output

Starting nginx:                                            [  OK  ]

Installing PHP-FPM

Type the following command

# yum --enablerepo=remi install php php-fpm

Sample outputs

Dependencies Resolved

====================================================================================
 Package            Arch        Version                          Repository    Size
====================================================================================
Installing:
 php                x86_64      5.3.10-2.el6.remi                remi         2.3 M
 php-fpm            x86_64      5.3.10-2.el6.remi                remi         1.1 M
Installing for dependencies:
 apr                x86_64      1.3.9-3.el6_1.2                  base         123 k
 apr-util           x86_64      1.3.9-3.el6_0.1                  base          87 k
 apr-util-ldap      x86_64      1.3.9-3.el6_0.1                  base          15 k
 httpd              x86_64      2.2.15-15.el6.centos.1           updates      813 k
 httpd-tools        x86_64      2.2.15-15.el6.centos.1           updates       70 k
 libedit            x86_64      2.11-4.20080712cvs.1.el6         base          74 k
 mailcap            noarch      2.1.31-2.el6                     base          27 k
 php-cli            x86_64      5.3.10-2.el6.remi                remi         2.2 M

Transaction Summary
====================================================================================
Install      10 Package(s)
Upgrade       0 Package(s)

Total download size: 6.8 M
Installed size: 21 M
Is this ok [y/N]: y

If you want to run php-fpm by default when the system boots, type the following command

# chkconfig --level 345 php-fpm on

PHP was installed with only core modules. It’s very likely that additional modules will be desired, such as MySQL, XML, GD, etc. Type the following command

# yum --enablerepo=remi install php-gd php-mysql php-mbstring php-xml php-mcrypt

To start PHP-FPM for the first time, type the following command

# /etc/init.d/php-fpm restart

Sample output

Starting php-fpm:                                          [ OK ]

Configure PHP-FPM and Nginx working together

The configuration file for Nginx is located at /etc/nginx/nginx.conf. To edit nginx.conf type the following command

# vi /etc/nginx/nginx.conf

Uncomment and edit as follows

        ...
	location / {
            root   /usr/share/nginx/html;
            index  index.html index.htm index.php;
        }
        ...
	location ~ \.php$ {
            root           html;
            fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
            fastcgi_index  index.php;
            fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME  $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
            include        fastcgi_params;
        }
        ...

Restart Nginx to reload new configuration, enter

# /etc/init.d/nginx reload

Now create the following PHP file in the document root

# vi /usr/share/nginx/html/info.php

Append content as follows:

<?php
phpinfo();
?>

Access it http://YOUR-SERVER-IP

Nginx Virtual Hosting Configuration

Your sample setup
IP: 192.168.1.113
Domain: domain.local
Hosted at: /home/www/domain.local

Type the following command to create user called www

# useradd www

Create necessary directories

# mkdir -p /home/www/domain.local/public_html
# mkdir -p /home/www/domain.local/log
# chown -R www.www /home/www/
# chmod 755 /home/www/

Creating virtual host config file

# cd /etc/nginx/conf.d/
# cp virtual.conf www.conf

Open www.conf, enter

# vi /etc/nginx/conf.d/www.conf

Append configuration as follows:

server {
        server_name  domain.local;
        root /home/www/domain.local/public_html;
        access_log /home/www/domain.local/log/domain.local-access.log;
        error_log /home/www/domain.local/log/domain.local-error.log;

        location / {
                index  index.html index.htm index.php;
        }
        location ~ \.php$ {
                include /etc/nginx/fastcgi_params;
                fastcgi_pass  127.0.0.1:9000;
                fastcgi_index index.php;
                fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
        }
}

You can also check the current status as well as the configuration syntax:

# /etc/init.d/nginx configtest

Sample outputs

the configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf syntax is ok
configuration file /etc/nginx/nginx.conf test is successful

Now edit /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf to change the users who own the php-fpm processes to www, enter

# vi /etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf

Find “group of processes” and edit as follows:

; Unix user/group of processes
; Note: The user is mandatory. If the group is not set, the default user's group
;       will be used.
; RPM: apache Choosed to be able to access some dir as httpd
user = www
; RPM: Keep a group allowed to write in log dir.
group = www

Finally restart nginx

# /etc/init.d/nginx restart
# /etc/init.d/php-fpm restart

The post How To Install Nginx And PHP-FPM On CentOS 6 Via Yum appeared first on lifeLinux: Linux Tips, Hacks, Tutorials, Ebooks.

In this article, I’ll go over the steps of how to install Nginx and PHP (PHP-FPM) working together on CentOS 6. To start I used clean version of CentOS 6.

The first step is update CentOS to latest version, type the following command

# yum update -y

Install some packages need for the following steps

# yum install gcc.x86_64 gcc-c++.x86_64 make.x86_64 wget.x86_64

Install Nginx

Download latest version of Nginx at http://nginx.org/

# wget http://nginx.org/download/nginx-1.0.5.tar.gz

Extract nginx-1.0.5.tar.gz package

# tar zxvf nginx-1.0.5.tar.gz
# cd nginx-1.0.5

To build nginx, type the following command

# ./configure --prefix=/webserver/nginx --without-mail_pop3_module --without-mail_imap_module  --without-mail_smtp_module --with-http_ssl_module  --with-http_stub_status_module  --with-http_gzip_static_module
# make
# make install

You may get some errors like the following

./configure: error: the HTTP rewrite module requires the PCRE library.
You can either disable the module by using --without-http_rewrite_module
option, or install the PCRE library into the system, or build the PCRE library
statically from the source with nginx by using --with-pcre= option.

To fix it, enter

# yum install pcre-devel.x86_64

/configure: error: SSL modules require the OpenSSL library.
You can either do not enable the modules, or install the OpenSSL library
into the system, or build the OpenSSL library statically from the source
with nginx by using --with-openssl= option.

To fix it, enter

# yum install openssl.x86_64 openssl-devel.x86_64

When build process completed successfully, it’ll display as follows

  Configuration summary
  + using system PCRE library
  + using system OpenSSL library
  + md5: using OpenSSL library
  + sha1: using OpenSSL library
  + using system zlib library

  nginx path prefix: "/webserver/nginx"
  nginx binary file: "/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx"
  nginx configuration prefix: "/webserver/nginx/conf"
  nginx configuration file: "/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf"
  nginx pid file: "/webserver/nginx/logs/nginx.pid"
  nginx error log file: "/webserver/nginx/logs/error.log"
  nginx http access log file: "/webserver/nginx/logs/access.log"
  nginx http client request body temporary files: "client_body_temp"
  nginx http proxy temporary files: "proxy_temp"
  nginx http fastcgi temporary files: "fastcgi_temp"
  nginx http uwsgi temporary files: "uwsgi_temp"
  nginx http scgi temporary files: "scgi_temp"

If you want to run Nginx by default when the system boots, create file called nginx in /etc/init.d/ with following content

#!/bin/sh
#
# nginx – this script starts and stops the nginx daemon
#
# chkconfig: - 85 15
# description: Nginx is an HTTP(S) server, HTTP(S) reverse \
# proxy and IMAP/POP3 proxy server
# processname: nginx
# config: /opt/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
# pidfile: /opt/nginx/logs/nginx.pid

# Source function library.
. /etc/rc.d/init.d/functions

# Source networking configuration.
. /etc/sysconfig/network

# Check that networking is up.
[ "$NETWORKING" = "no" ] && exit 0

nginx="/webserver/nginx/sbin/nginx"
prog=$(basename $nginx)

NGINX_CONF_FILE="/webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf"

lockfile=/var/lock/subsys/nginx

start() {
	[ -x $nginx ] || exit 5
	[ -f $NGINX_CONF_FILE ] || exit 6
	echo -n $"Starting $prog: "
	daemon $nginx -c $NGINX_CONF_FILE
	retval=$?
	echo
	[ $retval -eq 0 ] && touch $lockfile
	return $retval
}

stop() {
	echo -n $"Stopping $prog: "
	killproc $prog -QUIT
	retval=$?
	echo
	[ $retval -eq 0 ] && rm -f $lockfile
	return $retval
}

restart() {
	configtest || return $?
	stop
	start
}

reload() {
	configtest || return $?
	echo -n $”Reloading $prog: ”
	killproc $nginx -HUP
	RETVAL=$?
	echo
}

force_reload() {
	restart
}

configtest() {
	$nginx -t -c $NGINX_CONF_FILE
}

rh_status() {
	status $prog
}

rh_status_q() {
	rh_status >/dev/null 2>&1
}

case "$1" in
	start)
		rh_status_q && exit 0
		$1
	;;
	stop)
		rh_status_q || exit 0
		$1
	;;
	restart|configtest)
		$1
	;;
	reload)
		rh_status_q || exit 7
		$1
	;;
	force-reload)
		force_reload
	;;
	status)
		rh_status
	;;
	condrestart|try-restart)
		rh_status_q || exit 0
	;;
	*)
		echo $"Usage: $0 {start|stop|status|restart|condrestart|try-restart|reload|force-reload|configtest}"
		exit 2
esac

Chmod nginx with executed permission, enter

# chmod +x /etc/init.d/nginx

To start Nginx for the first time, type the following command

# /etc/init.d/nginx start

Install PHP (PHP-FPM)

Download latest version of PHP at http://download.php.net

# wget http://www.php.net/get/php-5.3.8.tar.gz/from/ca.php.net/mirror

To Extract its, enter

# tar zxvf php-5.3.8.tar.gz
# cd php-5.3.8

To build PHP, I’ll create bash file called build.sh with following content

#!/bin/sh
"./configure" \
"--prefix=/webserver/php" \
"--enable-fpm" \
"--with-libdir=lib64" \
"--with-bz2" \
"--with-config-file-path=/webserver/php/etc" \
"--with-config-file-scan-dir=/webserver/php/etc/php.d" \
"--with-curl=/usr/local/lib" \
"--with-gd" \
"--with-gettext" \
"--with-jpeg-dir=/usr/local/lib" \
"--with-freetype-dir=/usr/local/lib" \
"--with-kerberos" \
"--with-mcrypt" \
"--with-mhash" \
"--with-mysql" \
"--with-mysqli" \
"--with-pcre-regex=/usr" \
"--with-pdo-mysql=shared" \
"--with-pdo-sqlite=shared" \
"--with-pear=/usr/local/lib/php" \
"--with-png-dir=/usr/local/lib" \
"--with-pspell" \
"--with-sqlite=shared" \
"--with-tidy" \
"--with-xmlrpc" \
"--with-xsl" \
"--with-zlib" \
"--with-zlib-dir=/usr/local/lib" \
"--with-openssl" \
"--with-iconv" \
"--enable-bcmath" \
"--enable-calendar" \
"--enable-exif" \
"--enable-ftp" \
"--enable-gd-native-ttf" \
"--enable-libxml" \
"--enable-magic-quotes" \
"--enable-soap" \
"--enable-sockets" \
"--enable-mbstring" \
"--enable-zip" \
"--enable-wddx"

Type the following command to install PHP

# sh build.sh
# make
# make install

If you have problems building PHP then read the article.
Next step, copy php.ini to /webserver/php/etc/, enter

# cp php.ini-production /webserver/php/etc/php.ini

Rename php-fpm.conf, enter

# cd /webserver/php/etc
# cp php-fpm.conf.default php-fpm.conf

Edit php-fpm.conf with following content

[global]
pid = run/php-fpm.pid
error_log = log/php-fpm.log
[www]
listen = 127.0.0.1:9000
listen.allowed_clients = 127.0.0.1
user = nobody
group = nobody
pm = dynamic
pm.max_children = 50
pm.start_servers = 20
pm.min_spare_servers = 5
pm.max_spare_servers = 35
pm.max_requests = 500

If you want to run PHP-FPM by default when the system boots, create file called php-fpm in /etc/init.d/ with following content

#! /bin/sh

### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides:          php-fpm
# Required-Start:    $all
# Required-Stop:     $all
# Default-Start:     2 3 4 5
# Default-Stop:      0 1 6
# Short-Description: starts php-fpm
# Description:       starts the PHP FastCGI Process Manager daemon
### END INIT INFO

php_fpm_BIN=/webserver/php/sbin/php-fpm
php_fpm_CONF=/webserver/php/etc/php-fpm.conf
php_fpm_PID=/webserver/php/var/run/php-fpm.pid

php_opts="--fpm-config $php_fpm_CONF"

wait_for_pid () {
	try=0

	while test $try -lt 35 ; do

		case "$1" in
			'created')
			if [ -f "$2" ] ; then
				try=''
				break
			fi
			;;

			'removed')
			if [ ! -f "$2" ] ; then
				try=''
				break
			fi
			;;
		esac

		echo -n .
		try=`expr $try + 1`
		sleep 1

	done

}

case "$1" in
	start)
		echo -n "Starting php-fpm "

		$php_fpm_BIN $php_opts

		if [ "$?" != 0 ] ; then
			echo " failed"
			exit 1
		fi

		wait_for_pid created $php_fpm_PID

		if [ -n "$try" ] ; then
			echo " failed"
			exit 1
		else
			echo " done"
		fi
	;;

	stop)
		echo -n "Gracefully shutting down php-fpm "

		if [ ! -r $php_fpm_PID ] ; then
			echo "warning, no pid file found - php-fpm is not running ?"
			exit 1
		fi

		kill -QUIT `cat $php_fpm_PID`

		wait_for_pid removed $php_fpm_PID

		if [ -n "$try" ] ; then
			echo " failed. Use force-exit"
			exit 1
		else
			echo " done"
		fi
	;;

	force-quit)
		echo -n "Terminating php-fpm "

		if [ ! -r $php_fpm_PID ] ; then
			echo "warning, no pid file found - php-fpm is not running ?"
			exit 1
		fi

		kill -TERM `cat $php_fpm_PID`

		wait_for_pid removed $php_fpm_PID

		if [ -n "$try" ] ; then
			echo " failed"
			exit 1
		else
			echo " done"
		fi
	;;

	restart)
		$0 stop
		$0 start
	;;

	reload)

		echo -n "Reload service php-fpm "

		if [ ! -r $php_fpm_PID ] ; then
			echo "warning, no pid file found - php-fpm is not running ?"
			exit 1
		fi

		kill -USR2 `cat $php_fpm_PID`

		echo " done"
	;;

	*)
		echo "Usage: $0 {start|stop|force-quit|restart|reload}"
		exit 1
	;;

esac

Chmod php-fpm with executed permission, enter

# chmod +x /etc/init.d/php-fpm

To start PHP-FPM for the first time, type the following command

# /etc/init.d/php-fpm start

Configure PHP-FPM and Nginx working together

The configuration file for Nginx is located at /webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf. To edit nginx.conf type the following command

# vi /webserver/nginx/conf/nginx.conf

Uncomment the following lines

        location ~ \.php$ {
            root           html;
            fastcgi_pass   127.0.0.1:9000;
            fastcgi_index  index.php;
            fastcgi_param  SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
            include        fastcgi_params;
        }

Type the following command to restart Nginx

# /etc/init.d/nginx restart

The post How To Install Nginx And PHP (PHP-FPM) On CentOS 6 appeared first on lifeLinux: Linux Tips, Hacks, Tutorials, Ebooks.

What is PTY?

A pseudo-terminal (PTY) is a pair of virtual character devices that provide a bidirectional communication channel. One end of the channel is called the master; the other end is called the slave. The slave end of the pseudo-terminal provides an interface that behaves exactly like a classical terminal. A process that expects to be connected to a terminal, can open the slave end of a pseudo-terminal and then be driven by a program that has opened the master end. Anything that is written on the master end is provided to the process on the slave end as though it was input typed on a terminal.

Check maximum number of PTY

Login as root and type the following command

[root@lifelinux ~]# cat /proc/sys/kernel/pty/max

Sample output

4096

Increase the maximum number of PTY temporarily

If you need to increase the PTYs to allow more sessions temporarily. Type the following command

[root@lifelinux ~]# echo 5000 > /proc/sys/kernel/pty/max

The setting is changed instantly but this setting will be erased after the reboot.

Increase the maximum number of PTY permanently

Edit kernel configuration file at /etc/sysctl.conf, enter

[root@lifelinux ~]# vi /etc/sysctl.conf

Add or edit following config directive

kernel.pty.max = 5000

To enable the changes made in sysctl.conf you will need to run the command

[root@lifelinux ~]# sysctl -p

The post How To Increase The Number Of PTY (Pseudo-Terminal Driver) appeared first on lifeLinux: Linux Tips, Hacks, Tutorials, Ebooks.

By default, Linux distribution such as Redhat, CentOS, and Fedora will have IP Forwarding disabled. The need to forward IP packets from one source to another using linux as the default gateway or linux router, IP forwarding should be enabled from this considerations. There are several techniques to enable IP Forwarding.

Check IP Forwarding status

Type the following command

[root@lifelinux ~]# sysctl -l | grep ip_forward

Sample outputs

net.ipv4.ip_forward = 0

or checking out the value in the /proc system

[root@lifelinux ~]# cat /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward
0

If IP forwarding is disabled, a value of 0 would be displayed and if IP forwarding was recently enabled, linux should be displaying a numerical value of 1.

Enable IP Forwarding temporarily

Login as root and type the following command

[root@lifelinux ~]# echo 1 > /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward

The setting is changed instantly but this setting will be erased after the reboot.

Enable IP Forwarding permanently

Type the following command

[root@lifelinux ~]# vi /etc/sysctl.conf

Add the following line

net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1

To enable the changes made in sysctl.conf you will need to run the command

[root@lifelinux ~]# sysctl -p

The post How To Enable IP Forwarding On CentOS / RedHat appeared first on lifeLinux: Linux Tips, Hacks, Tutorials, Ebooks.

If you have seen an error like “Fatal Error: PHP Allowed Memory Size Exhausted” in webserver logs or in your browser, this means that PHP has exhausted the maximum memory limit. There are several techniques to increase the PHP memory limit and you only need to use one of them.

Changing memory limit globally from php.ini

To find locate the php.ini file used by your web server. You can use the phpinfo() PHP function to find it. After, type the following command to edit php.ini file:

[root@lifelinux ~]# vi /etc/usr/local/etc/php.ini

Edit the memory_limit parameter in the php.ini file

memory_limit = 32M

You will require root access to make changes to php.ini on the system. This change is global and will be used by all php scripts running on the system. Once you change this value, you will need to restart the web server in order for it to become active.

Changing memory limit using .htaccess

Edit the .htaccess file in the web root directory. Look for the section:

php_value memory_limit 32M

This method will only work if PHP is running as an Apache module.

Changing memory limit inside a single php script

Set this directive inside a single php script:

ini_set('memory_limit', '32M');

The post How To Increase PHP Memory Limit appeared first on lifeLinux: Linux Tips, Hacks, Tutorials, Ebooks.

The slow query log consists of all SQL statements that took more than long_query_time seconds to execute and required at least min_examined_row_limit rows to be examined. The time to acquire the initial table locks is not counted as execution time. mysqld writes a statement to the slow query log after it has been executed and after all locks have been released, so log order might be different from execution order. The default value of long_query_time is 10. The minimum value is 0, and a resolution of microseconds is supported when logging to a file. However, the microseconds part is ignored and only integer values are written when logging to tables.
Source: http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.5/en/slow-query-log.html

To make the change permanent whenever the MySQL server is started, and for MySQL prior 5.1.x, edit your my.cnf file (on Linux boxes this is usually somewhere like /etc/my.cnf or /etc/mysql/my.cnf) and uncomment the “log_slow_queries” line or add it if it’s not present.
On a CentOS, type the following command

[root@server2 ~]# vi /etc/my.cnf

For example, the line to uncomment looks like so:

...
log_slow_queries = /var/log/mysql/mysql-slow-queries.log
...

You can change the log file name to something else or leave it blank so it uses the default. The default is to log the queries into a file in the MySQL data directory.

Setting the long_query_time

You can also specify how long a quey needs to run for before it is logged with the “long_query_time” setting. By default this is 10 seconds. In the my.cnf file, to change it to e.g. 1 second add the following:

...
long_query_time = 1
log_slow_queries = /var/log/mysql/mysql-slow-queries.log
...

After that, restart mysql service. Enter the following command:

[root@server2 ~]# /etc/init.d/mysqld restart

The post MySQL Slow Query Log File appeared first on lifeLinux: Linux Tips, Hacks, Tutorials, Ebooks.

Many malicious attacks begin with a ping scan. Disabling ICMP echo requests prevents your system’s discovery with a ping.

Disable ICMP echo responses temporarily

You can temporarily disable the ICMP using the following method but this setting will be erased after the reboot.

root@lifelinux:~# echo 1 >  /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_all

Also, to enable the ICMP echo responses back, type the following command:

root@lifelinux:~# echo 0 >  /proc/sys/net/ipv4/icmp_echo_ignore_all

Disable ICMP echo responses permanently

You can permanently disable the ICMP echo reponses using the following method:
Edit the sysctl.conf file:

root@lifelinux:~# vi /etc/sysctl.conf

And add the following line:

net.ipv4.icmp_echo_ignore_all = 1

After that, execute sysctl -p to enforce this setting immediately:

root@lifelinux:~# sysctl -p

The above command loads the sysctl settings from the sysctl.conf.

The post How to disable ICMP echo responses in Linux appeared first on lifeLinux: Linux Tips, Hacks, Tutorials, Ebooks.

Rootkit Hunter (rkhunter) is a Unix-based tool that scans for rootkits, backdoors and possible local exploits. It does this by comparing SHA-1 hashes of important files with known good ones in online database, searching for default directories (of rootkits), wrong permissions, hidden files, suspicious strings in kernel modules, and special tests for Linux and FreeBSD.

Installation rkhunter in 5 steps

Step 1: Download rkhunter

Login your server as root, and type the following command

wget http://biznetnetworks.dl.sourceforge.net/project/rkhunter/rkhunter/1.3.8/rkhunter-1.3.8.tar.gz

Step 2: Extract rkhunter

tar -zxvf rkhunter-1.3.8.tar.gz

Step 3: Install rkhunter

cd rkhunter-1.3.8
sh installer.sh --install

The screen as shown:

Checking system for:
 Rootkit Hunter installer files: found
 A web file download command: wget found
Starting update:
 Checking installation directory "/usr/local": it exists and is writable.
 Checking installation directories:
  Directory /usr/local/share/doc/rkhunter-1.3.8: exists and is writable.
  Directory /usr/local/share/man/man8: exists and is writable.
  Directory /etc: exists and is writable.
  Directory /usr/local/bin: exists and is writable.
  Directory /usr/local/lib: exists and is writable.
  Directory /var/lib: exists and is writable.
  Directory /usr/local/lib/rkhunter/scripts: exists and is writable.
  Directory /var/lib/rkhunter/db: exists and is writable.
  Directory /var/lib/rkhunter/tmp: exists and is writable.
  Directory /var/lib/rkhunter/db/i18n: exists and is writable.
 Installing check_modules.pl: OK
 Installing filehashsha.pl: OK
 Installing stat.pl: OK
 Installing readlink.sh: OK
 Installing backdoorports.dat: OK
 Installing mirrors.dat: OK
 Installing programs_bad.dat: OK
 Installing suspscan.dat: OK
 Installing rkhunter.8: OK
 Installing ACKNOWLEDGMENTS: OK
 Installing CHANGELOG: OK
 Installing FAQ: OK
 Installing LICENSE: OK
 Installing README: OK
 Installing language support files: OK
 Installing rkhunter: OK
 Installing rkhunter.conf in no-clobber mode: OK
 >>>
 >>> PLEASE NOTE: inspect for update changes in "/etc/rkhunter.conf.24761",
 >>> and apply to either "/etc/rkhunter.conf" or your local configuration
 >>> file before running Rootkit Hunter.
 >>>
Update complete

Step 4: Update rkhunter

At prompt type the following command

rkhunter --update

Step 5:Adding daily cron job

If you want get a mail daily with a status on your system, you need to do the following in steps:
Create file rkhunter.sh

vi /etc/cron.daily/rkhunter.sh

Add the following code

#!/bin/sh
(
/usr/local/bin/rkhunter --versioncheck
/usr/local/bin/rkhunter --update
/usr/local/bin/rkhunter --cronjob --report-warnings-only
) | /bin/mail -s 'rkhunter Daily Run' yourname@example.com

Replace yourname@example.com above with your email.

Set execute permission for rkhunter.sh

chmod +x /etc/cron.daily/rkhunter.sh

The post How To Install Rootkit Hunter appeared first on lifeLinux: Linux Tips, Hacks, Tutorials, Ebooks.

ionCube Loader is an extension to PHP interpreter which allows execution of ionCube-encoded files. Most of modern hosting providers already have ionCube Loader available on hosting servers. In this case no additional action is required to use iAuto, iRealty or iLister with encoded core.

Download ionCube Loader

http://www.ioncube.com/loaders.php

Unpack ionCube Loader

tar -zxvf ioncube_loaders_lin_x86.tar.gz

Move ionCube Loader to /usr/local/ionCube

cd ioncube_loaders_lin_x86
mv ioncube_loaders_lin_x86 /usr/local/ionCube

Edit php.ini

vi /usr/local/lib/php.ini

Add Code:

zend_extension=/usr/local/ionCube/ioncube_loader_lin_5.2.so

Restart Apache

/etc/init.d/httpd restart

Note

If you have installed Zend Optimizer on Apache, I need to make sure that in file php.ini, the following line :

zend_extension=/usr/local/ionCube/ioncube_loader_lin_5.2.so

it’s above the line

zend_extension=/usr/local/ionCube/ZendOptimizer.so

Checking

Create a file info.php in your root web directory with content:

<?php
phpinfo();
?>

Open your web browser and type the url: http://<domain>/info.php, sample outputs:

The post How To Install ionCube Loader appeared first on lifeLinux: Linux Tips, Hacks, Tutorials, Ebooks.